INTERNATIONALIZATION OF TERTIARY EDUCATION AS SOFT POWER BY THE REVISIONIST FORCES

Faruk Türk

Abstract


This article covers the use of the internationalization of higher education as a soft power tool by revisionist countries in international relations. Whereas the common view of scholars is that revisionist forces tend to activate their hard power means as in the case of India about her dispute with Pakistan and Russia against Ukraine, their soft power engagement is tremendously important. While internationalization in higher education was the monopoly of the hegemonic and colonial powers previously, in recent years the progress of revisionist forces in this regard has been noted. Since soft power engagement forms vary with the stunning transformations after the millennium, internationalization of higher education is the latest trend. When examining the published data on international student mobility, we have determined that revisionist powers China, Türkiye, and Russia are among the top ten countries hosting the most international students.

Keywords


internationalization; internationalization in higher education; hard power; soft power; revisionist forces

Full Text:

PDF

References


Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalization of higher education: Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3-4), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303542

Chegraoui, K., Lyammouri, R., & Skah, M. (2020). Emerging Powers in Africa Key Drivers, Differing Interests, and Future Perspectives.

Cheng, M. (2021). Trends in International Student Mobility: Embracing Diversity and Responding to Change. Trends & Insights, 1–5.

de Wit, H., Hunter, F., Howard, L., & Egron-Polak, E. (2015). Internationaliation of Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.2861/6854

Delgado-Márquez, B. L., Hurtado-Torres, N. E., & Bondar, Y. (2011). Internationalization in University Institutions. Revista de Universidad y Sociedad Del Conocimiento (RUSC), 8(2).

Douglass, J. A., & Edelstein, R. (2009). The global competition for talent: The rapidly changing market for international students and the need for a strategic approach in the US. Center for Studies in High Education Research and Occasional Papers Series, October (January), 1–22.

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0qw462x1.pdf

Enol Sezer, S., Karabacak, N., & Narseyitov, M. (2021). A multidimensional analysis of homesickness based on the perceptions of international students in Turkey: A mixed method study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 83, 187–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.06.001

Hürriyet Daily News. (2020). Turkey among top 10 nations with highest number of international students - Turkey News. https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-among-top-10-nations-with-highest-number-of-international-students-160770

Idriss, M. A. (2020). ANALYSIS - Turkey-Africa partnership: A development-oriented approach. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/analysis-turkey-africa-partnership-a-development-oriented-approach/1696640

Kelkitli, F. A. (2021). The Role of International Educational Exchange in Turkish Foreign Policy as a Reconstructed Soft Power Tool. All Azimuth, 10(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.707710

Knight, J. (2011). Higher education in turmoil: The changing world of internationalization. International Educator, 20,(3).

Knight, J. (2015). Updated Definition of Internationalization. International Higher Education, 33, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2003.33.7391

Lipsett, A. (2009). Overseas students now 20% of UK graduates. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/jan/29/overseas-students-british-degrees

Martín, J. M. (2021). Turkey exponentially increased arms exports to Africa in 2021. https://atalayar.com/en/content/turkey-exponentially-increased-arms-exports-africa-2021

Matloff, N. (2013). Are Foreign Students the “Best and Brightest”? 1–28. http://www.epi.org/publication/bp356-foreign-students-best-brightest-immigration-policy/

Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2011). Turkey-Africa Relations. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-africa-relations.en.mfa

Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: the means to success in world politics (1st ed.). Public Affairs.

Nye, J. S. (2011). The Future of Power. Public Affairs.

OECD. (2018a). Definitions and classifications of the OECD international education statistics.

OECD. (2018b). OECD Handbook for Internationally Comparative Education Statistics 2018 Concepts, Standards, Definitions and Classifications. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787

/9789264304444-en

OECD. (2019). Indicator B6 What is the profile of internationally mobile students? 218–230. https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2018-19-en

Orakçi, S. (2022). The Rise of Turkey in Africa. Al Jazeera Center for Studies. https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/analyses/rise-turkey-africa

Organski, A. F. K. (1958). World Politics by A.F.K. Organski (z-lib.org) (First). Knopf.

Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. (2018). “Our Motto ‘the World is Bigger than Five’ is the Biggest-Ever Rise against Global Injustice.” https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/89052/our-motto-the-world-is-bigger-than-five-is-the-biggest-ever-rise-against-global-injustice

Taskoh, A. K., & Larsen, M. A. (2014). A Critical Policy Analysis of Internationalization in Postsecondary Education: An Ontario Case Study. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 1933. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1933

Tenembaum, Y. J. (2012). International Relations: It’s time to revise how we talk about revisionist powers – OxPol. https://blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/international-relations-its-time-to-revise-how-we-talk-about-revisionist-powers/

Türk, F. (2020). The Effects of International Migration to International Relations within the Context of Turkey-EU Immigration Policies. In M. Dalkılıç (Ed.), International Academic Studies on Social and Education Sciences (pp. 347–366). Gece Kitaplığı / Gece Publishing.

Turkey-Legal Gazette. (2013). Mevzuat Bilgi Sistemi. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=18812&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5

UNESCO. (2019). Migration, displacement and education: Building Bridges, Not Walls. In UNESCO Publishing (2nd ed., Issue 1). UNESCO.

UNESCO UIS. (2021). Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students. http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow

van der Schalk, J. (2020). Towards a multipolar world order - FreedomLab. https://freedomlab.org/towards-a-multipolar-world-order/

van der Wende, M. (2007). Internationalization of higher education in the OECD countries: Challenges and opportunities for the coming decade. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3–4), 274–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315307303543

Wojciuk, A., Michałek, M., & Stormowska, M. (2015). Education as a source and tool of soft power in international relations. European Political Science, 14(3), 298–317. https://doi.org/10.1057/eps.2015.25

Yeom, M. (2019). Understanding the Internationalization of Higher Education in South Korea with Different Theories of Development. In D. E. Neubauer, K. H. Mok, & S. Edwards (Eds.), Contesting Globalization and Internationalization of Higher Education (pp. 17–32). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26230-3

YÖK. (n.d.). Yurtdışından Öğrenci Kabulüne İlişkin Esaslar. Retrieved June 24, 2021, from https://www.yok.gov.tr/Documents/Ogrenci/yurtdisindan_ogrenci_kabulune_iliskin_esaslar_01042021.pdf

YÖK. (2018). YÖK Hedef Odaklı Uluslararasılaşma. https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/2020/hedef-odakli-uluslararasilasma.aspx

YÖK. (2021). Yükseköğretim Bilgi Yönetim Sistemi. https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/epiphany.v15i1.389

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2022 Epiphany

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Epiphany (pISSN 2303-6850, eISSN 1840-3719) is currently Indexed/Abstracted